Air Asia Advertising Types - 4337 Words

COMPANY INTRODUCTION Air Asia Berhad was set up by Dato Tony Fernandes in 2001. In December 2001, Dato’ Tony Fernandes along with Dato’ Pahamin Ab. Rajab (Chairman, AirAsia), Dato’ Kamarudin bin Meranun (Deputy Group Chief Executive Officer, AirAsia) and Abdul Aziz bin Abu Bakar (Director, AirAsia) formed a partnership and set up Tune Air Sdn Bhd (Tune Air), an airline holding company then bought over AirAsia from government-owned conglomerate DRB-Hicom on December 2, 2001 which Air Asia was originally founded. AirAsia has been expanding rapidly since 2001 where Dato Tony Fernandes later proceeded to engineer a remarkable turnaround, turning a profit in 2002 and launching new routes from its hub in Kuala Lumpur International Airport†¦show more content†¦Lean Distribution System: Offering a wide and innovative range of distribution channels to make booking and travelling easier. Point to Point Network: Applying the point-to-point network keeps operations simple and costs, low. ADVERTISING OBJECTIVES Advertising is the dominant form of nonpersonal promotion and is part of the marketing mix tools. An important task of advertising is to make consumers aware of products and also provide buyers with product information and arouse their interest in and desire for products. There are many forms of advertising and many purposes for which advertising can be used and like other components of the marketing mix, the objectives and form of advertising depend on a products stage. Accordingly, there are many ways in which advertising can be classified. Informative advertising, persuasive advertising, and product advertising are the three majors advertising objectives. Like other components of the marketing mix, the objectives and form of advertising depend on a products stage in its life cycle. The three primary objectives of advertising are to inform, to persuade, and to remind buyers about a company and its products. Below are the relationship between advertising and the product life cycle. [pic] Informative Advertising Persuasive Advertising Product Advertising Informative Advertising is an advertising which primarily seeks to provideShow MoreRelatedLow-Cost Carriers vs Full-Service Airlines905 Words   |  4 Pagesthat will be used in the research are Aer Lingus and Ryanair running in a fully developed European market, and Malaysia Airlines and Air Asia currently functioning on a recent developing domestic market in Asia. After conducting the survey, results show that the younger people are more likely to use Low-Cost service carriers with Ryanair accounting for 24% and Air Asia with 47% who all belong in the age group of under 25 years. 87% of the age group were travelling to visit friends and family and forRead More Nike1698 Words   |  7 Pagescaused Nike to reduce prices and lose manufacturing contract in the Far East. This pushed Nike from the top spot in the market. As a result, Nike had to lay off 350 employees in 1986. Nike began their climb back in 1988 with the introduction new advertising strategies and the development of the new footwear. The main focus was on the customers wants and needs their purchase of Nikes athletic shoes. In 1988, Nike bought a subsidiary called Cole Haan based in New Hampshire. The company Cole Haan costRead MoreSwot Analysis for Airasia1265 Words   |  6 Pagesto take off and was eventually sold to Tune Air Sdn. Bhd in 2001 which are owned by Tony Fernandes and four entrepreneurs, for a token sum of RM1.00 together with an accumulated debt of RM40 million. AirAsia was listed in the Kuala Lumpur bourse within three years of operation, on 22 November 2004, with one of the largest IPO offer of RM717.4 million. Through the corporate philosophy of â€Å"Now Everyone Can Fly†, AirAsia has sparked a revolution in air travel with more and more people around the regionRead MoreSwot Analysis for Airasia1279 Words   |  6 Pagesable to take off and was eventually sold to Tune Air Sdn. Bhd in 2001 which are owned by Tony Fernandes and four entrepreneurs, for a token sum of RM1.00 together with an accumulated debt of RM40 million. AirAsia was listed in the Kuala Lumpur bourse within three years of operation, on 22 November 2004, with one of the largest IPO offer of RM717.4 million. Through the corporate philosophy of â€Å"Now Everyone Can Fly†, AirAsia has sparked a revolution in air travel with more and more people around the regionRead MoreSwot : Air Asia1365 Words   |  6 PagesSWOT : AIR ASIA Strengths 1. low cost operation 2. target mass customers 3. efficiency workforce 4. Staffs have multi skill to do their job. 5. single type fleet to service the customer, it easies to maintenance. 6. lowest fare more than others. 7. Sell the ticket direct to the customer. Weakness 1. Limited service to the customer. 2. charge every things except the ticket 3. A lot of competitor. 4. Brand positioning lower than other brand. 5Read MoreAdvertising and Promotion Essay 21898 Words   |  8 PagesAdvertising is producing  information  for promoting the  sale  of products  or  services while promotion is an advancement of a  product or a point of  view  through publicity  or  advertising whereas trend is defined as a general direction in which something is developing or changing according to time line. There are differences between  advertising  and  promotion despite the fact that both of these marketing tools use many of the same techniques and apply it for the very similar ends. Primary objective ofRead MoreDnata case study780 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Dnata - Marketing Contents Introduction In Middle East area, Dnata is one of the largest air travel services supplier. It also has its services internationally. It provides services mainly in three foundations: Travel services, Ground Handling and Cargo. For these three divisions Dnata has specific business systems which include online booking. Worldwide Dnata operates 20 airports in nine countries for ground Handling. DnataRead MoreExpansion Of Walmart Globally. The Global Environment Must1624 Words   |  7 Pagesinto new geographic markets. Through global market segmentation, a company can identify and group customers or countries according to common needs and wants (Keegan Green, 2017). Asia represents a hot market for value-retailers, especially for Walmart. Walmart has been expanding their business in other countries in Asia, but has yet to establish a store in Pakistan. By placing a Walmart store in Pakistan, marketers should take into consideration the trade barriers, proximity, currency and cultureRead MoreThe Success And Potential Problems Of The Company1427 Words   |  6 Pagesworld, which only faced few competitors around the world. The services covered ‘American Zone’, Europe, Asia, and South pacific. SWOT Analysis Strengths Club Med is the first company who offered all-inclusive vacation package, which is an innovation in service industry. ‘Family Spirit’ exists among club manager groups, which is an important company culture. Usually, ‘pay-to-go’ is the most common type of the service that traditional hotel provide. However, all-inclusive package covers all meals, airportRead MoreThe Bible States We Must Conserve and Respect Our Natural Environment579 Words   |  3 Pagesdeclares the Lord. â€Å"Should I not avenge myself on such a nation as this?† I will weep and wail for the mountains and take up a lament concerning the desert pastures. They are desolate and untraveled, and the lowing of cattle is not heard. The birds of the air have fled and the animals are gone. â€Å"I will make Jerusalem a heap of ruins, a haunt of jackals and I will lay waste the towns of Judah so no can live there.† Habakkuk (2:17), â€Å"The violence you have done to Lebanon will over whelm you, and for your destruction

Artificial Intelligence And Science For Knowledge

Engineering is a study of mathematics and science for knowledge on how to improve man-kind. Artificial Intelligence is a substructure of Engineering where it takes that knowledge of the engineers to improve the training thought of a device with less human interaction. Software, Mechanical, and Robotics, to name a few,are areas where Artificial Intelligence is being used. The way artificial Intelligence has evolved through the years, it has even been able to challenge humans into improving much greater ideas. â€Å"The term artificial intelligence is also used to describe a property of machines or programs, the intelligence that the system demonstrates† (Brynjolfsson). In Engineering, there are 5 main concepts and methods of Artificial Intelligence which are: Knowledge-based systems, Neural networks, Genetic algorithms, Fuzzy logic, and Intelligent agents. In Knowledge-based systems, in order to solve a problem, the problem solver must have a substantial amount of knowledge prior to the problem (Rzevski 6). In the article â€Å"Artificial Intelligence in Engineering: Past, Present, and Future† by George Rzevski, Feignbaum states that the performance of this system relies on the amount of information stored. In Neural networks, they allow researchers to learn from examples, store information that’s organized well, and recognize partially specified patterns in engineering applications. As a result, problems could be solved through pattern recognition. In Genetic algorithms, they areShow MoreRelatedKnowledge Management And Its Roots From Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence And Organization Level Learning2308 Words   |  10 Page sKnowledge Management In today’s fast paced economy, organizations are judged by their organizational knowledge and the environment they possess to maintain the knowledge management system. Knowledge management framework for any organization must have the capability of performing all the functions like capturing, documenting and sharing. Knowledge management must be a balancing act between capturing the knowledge and documenting the knowledge thereby enhancing the intellectual asset of the companyRead MoreEssay On Artificial Intelligence1470 Words   |  6 PagesArtificial Intelligence, an acronym for AI. It is a new technical science in the research and development of intelligent theories, methods, techniques and applications for the simulation, extension and expansion of human beings. In my vision of the artificial intelligence in the future, artificial intelligence can not only manage the daily life of people, but also can become one of the family members to the human beings, and enjoy the same equal human rights. Even we can embed the mind of diedRead MoreHow The Society Values Computer Technology1716 Words   |  7 PagesNS160014. Computer and the Society How the Society values Computer Technology Question: Google SDK/Artificial-Intelligence: Is it Good or bad? Table of Content 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 1.1 My theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 1.2 Respondents opinions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2.0 Summary and Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Figures Fig 1.2.0 Do you interact with artificial intelligent systems? ........................................5 Fig 1.2.1 is it possible for human thinkingRead MoreThe Technology And Artificial Intelligence1002 Words   |  5 Pagescentury. Artificial intelligence is one part of computer science involved with making computers behave like humans. (Vangie Beal. 2015). Moreover, the Artificial Intelligence has scope very widely. Artificial Intelligence covers a broad range of techniques, which can be applied to a very wide range of application areas. (Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig Peter et al.,2003). Also, evidence will focus on the knowledge acquisition, data mining, computer vision and the search. An artificial intelligence systemRead MoreArtificial Intelligence : The Science And The Future Utilization Of The Ai1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Paper gives a brief depiction of the Artificial Intelligence in the diverse fields and the future utilization of the AI which achieves the level of human knowledge in the propelled fields of the day by day attempt and how it suffocates us into its innovation are discussed in the paper. 1.INTRODUCTION: (J.Nilsson, 2008) It is seen that computerized reasoning is assuming an extraordinary part in the research of advanced science and operational research regions.In the future intelligent machinesRead MoreSample Resume : Artificial Intelligence765 Words   |  4 Pagesapplying for admission to the Ph.D. programme in Artificial Intelligence. I have a background in computing at both B.Sc. and MSc. levels and due to the projection of emerging technologies and how everything is tilted towards Artificial Intelligence: I want a career in the field. Particularly, as Artificial Intelligence is one of the main research areas in Computer Science and how it will help me expand my knowledge scope and expertise in: web intelligence; intelligent interactive systems; human-robotRead MoreArtificial Intelligence In Technology1612 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The increasing use of artificial intelligence in technology will transform our societies for the worse.† Module: FC-503 Tutor Name: Assessment type: Essay Student Number: T0061516 Word Count: The theme of the 2017 Summer Davos meeting was about the fourth revolution of science and technology and artificial intelligence was undoubtedly one of the main topics discussed by people. From driving interactive voice with nobody to Alphago defeat the invincible chess champion Ke Jie (GibneyRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesArtificial Intelligence Introduction Today, people are interacting more and more with computers. Life is running at a microchip speed. If all computers are stopped for a day, complete civilization comes to a halt! Fifty years ago, this mightve been a science fiction, but today it is a reality. Further, with Computers being embedded in all of our life accessories like mobiles, watches, cars, even our bodies and brains there is no indication that this microchipRead MoreComputer Systems And Artificial Intelligence1266 Words   |  6 Pagesavailable to move itself forward. Computer systems, known as artificial intelligence, can perform the tasks humans commonly complete (Keswani). Both a child and computer construct a way to learn the information, but they do this in two abstract methods. Which way of learning demonstrates higher efficiency? While some believe computers have the ultimate gain, others see them as a threat. Individuals question the benefits of artificial intelligence worth pushing the limits of humanity. Machines have beenRead MoreArtificial Intelligence and Cognitive Reasoning1597 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresentation of a humanoid character that is in fact a machine functioning and learning new skills with artificial intelligence. The problem with these shows is that the representation of modern day artificial intelligence is largely skewed, these machines have personalities and emotions making them relatabl e to humans when they are still just a very elaborate computer program. Artificial intelligence is the cognitive ability to solve problems, recognize patterns, and have the capability to learn, with

Exemplification Bulimia Nervosa Expository Essay Example For Students

Exemplification Bulimia Nervosa Expository Essay Exemplification Essays Exemplary Essay Bulimia Nervosa People with bulimia nervosa consume large amounts of food and then rid their bodies of the excess calories by vomiting, abusing laxatives or diuretics, taking enemas, or exercising obsessively. Some use a combination of all these forms of purging. Because many individuals with bulimia binge and purge in secret and maintain normal or above normal body weight, they can often successfully hide their problem from others for years. Lisa developed bulimia nervosa at 18. Like Deborah, her strange eating behavior began when she started to diet. She too dieted and exercised to lose weight, but unlike Deborah, she regularly ate huge amounts of food and maintained her normal weight by forcing herself to vomit. Lisa often felt like an emotional powder kegangry, frightened, and depressed. Unable to understand her own behavior, she thought no one else would either. She felt isolated and lonely. Typically, when things were not going well, she would be overcome with an uncontrollable desire for sweets. She would eat pounds of candy and cake at a time, and often not stop until she was exhausted or in severe pain. Then, overwhelmed with guilt and disgust, she would make herself vomit. Her eating habits so embarrassed her that she kept them secret until, depressed by her mounting problems, she attempted suicide. Fortunately, she didnt succeed. While recuperating in the hospital, she was referred to an eating disorders clinic where she became involved in group therapy. There she received medications to treat the illness and the understanding and help she so desperately needed from others who had the same problem. Family, friends, and physicians may have difficulty detecting bulimia in someone they know. Many individuals with the disorder remain at normal body weight or above because of their frequent binges an purges, which can range from once or twice a week to several times a day. Dieting heavily between episodes of binging and purging is also common. Eventually, half of those with anorexia will develop bulimia. As with anorexia, bulimia typically begins during adolescence. The condition occurs most often in women but is also found in men. Many individuals with bulimia, ashamed of their strange habits, do not seek help until they reach their thirties or forties. By this time, their eating behavior is deeply ingrained and more difficult to change. .

Compare and Contrast Parenthood in Equus and Spies Essay Sample free essay sample

Compare and contrast the presentation of parentage in Spies and Equus Spies which is written by Michael Frayn nowadayss parentage in assorted ways. The book is set during the Second World War in which Stephen a little. weedy and easily-bullied male child. along with Keith. a private school member whose household was socially superior to their neighbors. believe they have found a German undercover agent. However. this evident undercover agent is the female parent of Keith. Mrs Hayward. The male childs frequently misbehave during their probes ; nevertheless order is restored with the usage of rigorous parenting accomplishments. In add-on to Spies. parentage is clearly presented throughout Equus due to the work of Peter Shaffer. The chief action within Equus takes portion in the ‘Rokesby Psychiatric Hospital’ . Equus is set in the ulterior phases of the twentieth century. about between the old ages of 1970-80. Dora and Frank Strang are polar to the secret plan of Equus. as they care for and besides implement rigorous rearing accomplishments on their crazed boy Alan Strang who had blinded six Equus caballuss with a metal spike. The undermentioned transition within Equus. demonstrates Frank Strang’s work as a male parent to forestall his boy coming into class with points that may negatively impact him in the hereafter without the usage of violent behavior. and steer him into a way he knows. which in this instance is reading. â€Å"Frank: It seems to be offering you something. but really it’s taking something off. Your intelligence and your concentration. every minute you watch it. That’s a true swiz. make you see? I don’t want to be a killjoy. old buddy – but there truly is no replacement for reading. What’s the affair ; don’t you like it? Alan: It’s all right. Frank: I know you think it’s none of my beeswax. but it truly is you know. . . Actually. it’s a shame when you come to believe of it. You the boy of a pressman. and neer opening a book! If all the universe was like you. I’d be out of a occupation. if you receive my significance! † . During the procedure of this conversation it about feels as if Frank would wish to utilize rigorous subject such as violent behavior in order to do Alan listen. although he keeps his calm. Although accordingly. this may be the ground Frank uses violent behavior when Alan rides a Equus caballus along with it’s proprietor during a trip to the beach subsequently on in the drama. In add-on to this. the despairing justification of books shown by Frank represents a realistic attack to how a male parent may forestall their boy taking portion in a specific activity. that they do non hold with. Alternatively. if Alan was a female the likeliness of Frank leting his kid to watch telecasting would be comparatively high. However. Dora Strang shows how female parents have a stronger relationship with their son’s. â€Å"Dora: All the same. times change. Frank† . This quotation mark besides demonstrates how Dora is more indulgent when rearing Alan. and besides shows that she is considerate of the bit by bit germinating coevals. Peter Schaffer may hold added these contrasting relationship factors between female parent. male parent and boy in order to do the plot line of Equus more life-like. It can be besides seen that. aswell as Frank Strang utilizing non-violent behavior when rearing Alan in the early phases of Equus. Mrs Hayward besides portion takes in the usage of non-violent subject. However. this soft signifier of subject is used on Stephen who is besides a boy like figure to her throughout Spies. â€Å"I don’t want to hold to halt him seeing you. † she says. really quietly. â€Å"But so I don’t want him acquiring into any sort of trouble† . This conversation between Stephen and Mrs Hayward demonstrates a female parent protecting her boy from potentially sick wonts. which in this instance is descrying. This is about an indistinguishable manner of rearing which is used by Frank Strang. This signifier of parenting may be noticed as secondary beginning of rearing. as Mrs Hayward is non straight rearing her boy Keith. but seting the outlook of the close friends he keeps in his company. This displays Mrs Haywards sheer intelligence when seeking to steer her boy. Throughout Equus. Frank and Dora Strang are invariably by their son’s side and want to be involved in assisting Alan whenever possible. It can besides be said that they are acute to learn him the cardinal factors of life. However. most of the duty of caring for their boy is taken up by Dora Strang. â€Å"Dysart: Mr Strang. precisely how informed do you judge your boy to be about sex? . Frank: I don’t know. Dysart: You didn’t really instruct him yourself? . Frank: Not in so many words. no. Dysart: Did you. Mrs Strang? . Dora: Well. I spoke a small. yes. I had to. I’ve been a instructor. Doctor. and I know what happens if you don’t. They find out through magazines and soiled books† . This subdivision within Equus shows how Dora Strang takes up the duty to inform their son’s of sensitive issues. Normally. this is the function of the male parent when discoursing these issues with a male in day-today life. This subdivision besides demonstrates that this is an of import subject to Mrs Strang and she hopes that her boy will absorb the information she is feeding him. However. Mr Strang does non take much notice of such an influential subject on a immature man’s life â€Å"Dysart: You didnt really instruct him yourself? Frank: Not in so many words† . A counter statement to this is found in Spies in the signifier of Mr Hayward. Alternatively of caring for Keith. he could about be considered as a bully to his boy. and frequently canes Keith for even the smallest of misdemeanors. For illustration. during Chapter 7 Mr Hayward demands a thermos flask which he believes Keith has taken. â€Å"His male parent comes out of the garage once more. ‘I’ll give you until bedtime to believe about it. ’ he says to Keith. ‘If it’s non back by so you’ll acquire the same once more. And so once more tomorrow. And so on every twenty-four hours until it’s back. ’ This indicates that Mr Hayward is a pitiless adult male. who goes with his intestine inherent aptitude and alternatively of kindly explicatin g to his boy the disadvantages of stealing. as a responsible parent should. He threatens Keith of even more violent behavior. until he gets what he wants. Mr Hayward’s behavior is peculiarly scarey because it is frequently followed by a show of false joy. He frequently signals his displeasure with a minute smiling and by turn toing his victim. which is frequently ‘Keith’ as ‘bean’ or ‘chap’ . â€Å"Where is it. so. old bean? † This may negatively impact Keith as he may believe his male parent does non care for him really much. This once more indicates Mr Hayward’s hapless parenting accomplishments. as a good parent should ever do their kid feel as if they have person to trust on. instead than doing their kid fear them. However. little subdivisions of Mr Hayward’s violent behavior is besides echoed in Equus. This can be shown when Mr and Mrs Strang take Alan on a day-trip to the beach. During Alan’s twenty-four hours trip to the beach he comes across a horse-rider and his Equus caballus Swizzy. Alan is offered to sit the Equus caballus. which he does. to the discouragement of Frank and Dora Strang. Both parents are frightened when they witness their boy siting a Equus caballus with a alien. and this leads to an un-expected usage of violent behavior by Frank Strang. â€Å"Frank: Come down at one time. Right this minute. Alan: No. . . NO! Frank: ( in a rage ) : I said this minute! ( He pulls Alan from the Horseman’s shoulders. The male child scream. and falls to the land ) . This sudden explosion of violent behavior by Mr Strang demonstrates that he is prone to a sudden effusion of choler. This besides. shows that this can take to his responsible parenting accomplishments neglecting at times. In this case. Mr Strang’s hapless control of his choler led to Alan wounding himself. â€Å"Dora: He’s grazed his articulatio genus. Frank – the boy’s injury! † . This frequently leads. to parent’s repenting their actions. However. Mr Strang has no compunction for his actions.

Observers Paradox

Introduction The observer’s paradox is also known as the Hawthorne effect in social sciences. In sociolinguistics, it was first coined and observed by William Labov when he studied variation and style in speech. He designed the famous sociolinguistic interview meant to get information about language.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Observer’s Paradox specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this interview, he emphasized on four structural parts that the interviewee was requested to do. The first was to read a list of minimal pairs; which was followed by reading a list of words in isolation. Thirdly, the interviewees were required to read aloud a short narrative; and finally engage in a conversation about their lives. This paper aims to analyse issues that arise from observer’s paradox and attempt to present ways that sociolinguists can minimize their impact. Observer’s paradox is sues Observer’s paradox as a problem lies in the process of investigating language style and usage among individuals through speech collection. In the process, a sociolinguist sets out to account in the best possible way about the variations occurring between what people say against what they believe they say. Interviewees perceive that their intelligence is being sort, and hence they alter their speech to suit these notions. As a result, the sociolinguist as a field expert faces the problem of non-reality. He cannot discern whether what the interviewee is real or not hence the idea of unknowable. A double bind situation occurs since what the sociolinguist wants to know can only be known through observation which is subject to change. The interviewee speech performance is influenced by the presence of the interviewer hence observer’s paradox (Crowley, 2007). The observer’s paradox issue has repeatedly been the subject of scholarly interest in ethnographic lingui sts. This has especially been in the study of language sensitivity in the social situation context. The sociolinguist who is also an interlocutor forms a critical component in the process since he is responsible for the interactional role. A sociolinguist can only collect targeted speech on a daily basis in order to obtain reasonable amounts for analysis. This is meant to overcome observer’s paradox. The interviewer can only engage fully in the conversation as a participator at the lowest level. This means that his social relationship in the process allows for the most minimal effect to the linguistic data collected (Meyer, 2005). There needs to be an effective strategy laid down in the form of roles and procedures that outline what the interaction roles are for the interviewer. As a fact, the team interviewer contradicts this role hence the name interlocutor. His relationship with the social group under investigation needs to be present before any interpretation of any lingu istic behaviour is explained to seek for certain senses.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The observer’s paradox also throws into light the question of social class between the interlocutor and the informant. In cases where the two are of unequal status, the informant takes the higher side and thus this influences the information collected. This results to information that reflects self-importance or even looks down effect unto the interlocutor hence any attempt to analyse the data results to wrong conclusions (Stockwell and Trask, 2007). In cases where the interlocutor is of higher social status, the effect to the informant would be either that of aspiration to illustrate same social status to that of the interlocutor’s or one that is too affected by inferiority effect. In these two scenarios, the interlocutor does not have the best information to analyse la nguage in the social group since already it has been affected by his presence. Another issue that arises in the observer’s effect is the problem of bilingual social groups. In such social groups, it is very difficult to maintain an interactional conversation between two people due to the process of code switching. Informants keep on switching to the other codes available hence this becomes a challenge to the smooth flow of the desired speech language. At times, both the interlocutor and informant are of the same social group and ethnicity. In this case, code switching is influenced by the need to fulfil the cultural demands of politeness hence promoting code switching. Again this problem is aggravated by the problem of status equality between the two persons (Wei, 1994). The issue of age is also another observer’s paradox area of concern in the field interview. The informants have their own views about age. If an interlocutor is of a lower age than the informant, chanc es of false linguistic data collected are high. This is even compounded by issues in gender variations. The informants and the interlocutor may influence the responses in the conversations to suit a certain gender hence observer’s paradox effect. The informants may think that the interlocutor is interested in studying their knowledge hence they may give misleading data that result to flawed analysis of the language in the social context (Crowley, 2007). Education is also an issue that is raised in the process of a sociolinguistic interview. Speakers who have lower levels of education differ significantly when compared with those with high levels of education. The education level of the informant and that of the interlocutor may at times be very different hence promoting a situation where the informant’s responses are impacted greatly.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Observer’s Paradox specifically for you for only $16. 05 $11/page Learn More The interlocutor at the same time may despise an informant who has very low levels of education. This may create an unnatural relationship between the two. This leads to production of unnatural speech that does not qualify to the intentions of the process of sociolinguistic study of language variations in social groups. The observer’s paradox comes into play when the cultures of the informant and the interlocutor are at extreme ends. In this case, the informant may find it difficult to interview a culture that is superior just as it would be to maintain professional equality when dealing with one that is lower than his (Aarts, and McMahon, 2006). The other regards ethnicity in the sense that different ethnic languages may pose problems to an interlocutor interested in collecting linguistic data. This problem is seen in the context of social relationship or rapport that the interlocutor must create in order to set out a conversational sett ing for effective collection of data (Crowley, 2007). Sociolinguists have attempted to minimize the effect of observer’s paradox trough different techniques and measures. Arising issues from such techniques include ethics in the process among others. Ethics means refers to accepted codes and standards of procedures in behaviour in a given set up or society. Informants who give misleading information leading to incorrect recordings breach the ethics of truth and honesty at all times. The data analysed forth from such recordings becomes flawed due to such issues in the process on the part of the informant or interlocutor doing it knowingly (Kastovsky and Arthur, 2000). Any attempts to collect data using hidden recorders breaches the questions of ethics since a sociolinguist cannot get any data secretly in his research. The speaker must know at all times that he or she is being recorded otherwise it becomes illegal in any part of the world. The fact that the informant is a frien d or family does not give the right to record them secretly. This is because it only leads to breach of trust resulting to damaged relationships. The attempt to decrease the effect of observer’s paradox emanates from the desire to present quality work rather than quantity. This means removing the human informants in the process of research, of which it is not possible (Stockwell and Trask, 2007). Another issue an interview related to observer’s paradox concerns the questions and how to ask them. The process of interviewing is guided by questions that are structured to get the most natural display of linguistic data. Interviewers must learn the questions that must change the interview to the friendliest of all. The interviewer must thus keep in mind that besides being a researcher and a fieldworker he is also a speaker and a hearer in the conversation.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The interviewer must thus use strategies like volunteering personal experiences, reacting and responding to new issues as well as following conversations to where the informant directs them. The questions must be developed according putting in mind that they must elicit data and create a conversation setting (Aarts, and McMahon, 2006). Questions that elicit emotions have been found to be favourable in some situations as opposed to others. Therefore, the interviewer must use his social skills to allow flexibility in order to determine a successful interview process. In terms of setting the roles, the interviewer should present an interview that encourages the interviewee to offer information through closer relationship rather than a distant one. In this role, the interviewer sets up a setting which allows him to behave as a learner rather than an expert hence every question leads to another which is related. The interviewee must get interested in the informant in order to produce a r elationship that is supportive and building. Information disclosure in the field work is concerned with letting the informant understand the purpose of the research. This is usually not possible since quite a number of informants do not understand issues in linguists that are under study. In an interview, this is an important aspect to and it should be kept minimum. When informants are told the purpose of the study, there is a possibility of a speaker’s influence is possible. This may lead to performance bias that can be conscious or unconscious hence the problem of informed consent (Kastovsky and Arthur, 2000). The practicalities of the time range that an interview can last are also other issues raised by the observer’s paradox. Labov in Crowley (2007) wrote that it should last between one to two hours. Determination of how long it should take must be dependent on what forms the subject of interest in the interview. This is because different linguistic data demands va rying amounts of time for considerable data recording. Also, the issue of breaking familiarity with the interviewer in order to present a situation that is familiar determines the time and extent of an interview. In practice, interviewers use a repetitive strategy that involves the same informant for a period of a long time. Conducting interviews in a repetitive manner, which spans for a long period, has often in practice been a measure to minimize the impact of observer’s paradox upon the process. Repetitive interviews create an environment that promotes conversation rather than an interview’s formal setting. Accurate transcription of data recorded from the field work is another issue of concern. The difficulties arising from transcription are based on the fact that no account can include everything recorded. The transcription may lead to the inclusion of any amount of contextual data hence the potential infinite extent of the problem. This problem is also aggravated by time and cost. In addition, the interaction of human and machine contributes to the aggravation of the problem. Further arising from this issue is the problem of the subjective interpretation to recorded data that only leads to the truth which is intended by the purpose of inquiry that plays the judge and the audience (Murphy, 2010). The recorded data may be influenced greatly by background noise and interruptions that negatively impact on the quality and clarity of such data. This presents problems in transcribing phases as tedious time is wasted while the quality of the information gotten is susceptible to alterations and changes not meant to be present. Therefore, there must be efforts to change these issues in order to get the best process when recording information. The issue of transcription extends to the methods of collecting data (Thierberger, 2012). The instruments used to record data have sometimes been observed to contribute to the observer’s paradox effect. Th is is when they attract attention that changes the informant’s natural language elicitation. However, at other instances, materials used to record data present the problem of applicability to modern data analysis. These instruments may lead to time wastage due to their incompatibility hence also affecting the quality by falling below efficiency standards. On the same issue, the materials that are used to record may not be comprised in terms of quality and durability. This may necessitate the need for extra and constant care. If this lacks, the effective process of the interview may fail, and this leads to waste (Penke and Rosenbach, 2007). Minimizing the effects of Observer’s Paradox Sociolinguists have been concerned with reducing the effects of observer’s paradox in efforts to collect natural speech from an informant. As noted the observer’s paradox is brought about by the presence of the field worker, a recording device and the task itself and thence m inimizing strategies must revolve directly or indirectly to these issues. These may include modifying the interview, the topics to be discussed in the activity, as well as the situations in the processes (Thierberger, 2012). Stockwell and Trask, (2007) wrote that using protocols that engage the informants in emotionally involving responses, recoding events that are public and being recorded helps to minimize the potential of interference in the process of research. Labov in his quest for this solution observed that there was a need for the interlocutor to make process most friendly upon the informant. This was through participative observation where the informant becomes part of the conversation hence reducing the formality of the interview process. Another approach requires the interviewer to enlist the number of informants to more than one (Thierberger, 2012). In the process, the participants engaged in more natural speech between themselves rather than with the interlocutor hence resulting recorded data becomes empirical. This strategy result in a casual speech where the relationship between the informants is not restricted by formality issues or other constrains of the stranger effect. Another strategy for minimizing the observer’s paradox involves increasing the number of interviewer’s in order to improve the dynamics of recording sessions as well moderation settings in the process. The presence of two interviewers allows the generation of ideas and topics in a wide context hence make the process natural (Chambers, 2003). A third strategy involves removing the interviewer in the process although this has issues in the recording process. Macaulay’s in Meyerhoff (2006) notes that research onto two pairs of adolescents who were left alone to engage in a conversation led to more data gathered quickly from a number of speakers as compared to the classic interview. It was effective based on the fact that the interview took the natural, conv ersational approach. In this case, the interviewer was actively removed from the process although there are methodological issues to consider. As already mentioned, overcoming the observer’s paradox may be achieved through repetitive friendly interviews. Such interviews maintain a rapport hence including familiarity in the process. The moment familiarity is included in an approach then the sociolinguist enjoys a process that records almost casual speech. This gives data which is factual and helpful in understanding the variations in language as espoused by different social groups. Moderating questions to suit a certain setting, as well those that have been known to demand most natural display, is another way to minimize the observer’s paradox. Informants would respond to questions by giving insights on linguistics’ features of their language if they are correctly designed. In addition, the amount of time that an interview should take is also an effective strateg y since the interviewer can avoid time ranges that are tiresome or inappropriate. This helps to minimize the observer’s paradox on the informant hence resulting to the desired information. Sociolinguists should avoid disclosing the purpose of research study due to the problem of bias that comes with informed consent concept (Thierberger, 2012). In terms of differences in ethnicity, it has been observed sociolinguists who use family and friends achieve corpora quickly and from a large audience. Sociolinguists may use interviewers whose ethnic orientation coincides with the informant for effective, natural speech data collection. This is workable based on the fact that an interview where the conversation approach is employed leads to success. Age difference is also another issue in the observer’s paradox which sociolinguists must try to overcome. It can be solved by first laying down the procedures and regulations that should be followed in a research process. In this fi rst approach, the researcher identifies his target in terms of ages and thus the deliberate choice of the interviewer must be put into concern in order to coincide with the average age of the target interviewee (Thierberger, 2012). Education levels are another issue which sociolinguists must resolve to overcome consciously. Where education levels are varying the observer’ paradox can be overcome by applying the use of different languages in the process. The application of such languages helps to involve informants in less-engaging language thus reducing the problem of the language barrier. The interviewer goes down to the level of the informant to take the position of a fellow companion. This is as opposed to an educated stranger who is aloof to the lowest social groups’ level of understanding and perspectives. Another universally acclaimed way to minimize observer’s paradox effect is the use of participative observation. The sociolinguist in this case takes to anthropological dimensions by spending time in the speech community in order to gain the social closeness while at the same time investigating the language. This method creates familiarity although it has its problem in terms of interference and influence (Meyer, 2005). The problem of transcription is solvable through the application of standard procedures in recording and transcription. These standards should be put in place in considerations of the study intended, as well the purpose. At the same time, this helps to decide on the materials that support long lasting storage of information. This would solve problems of lost data due to wear and tear, and obsoleteness. The instruments used for such recordings should not be seen to contribute to the observer’s paradox effect. Thus, sociolinguists may utilize modern, efficient, as well as portable recorders in order to minimize this effect. Conclusion The paper focuses on the aspects that arise from the observer’s paradox . This is done from the perspective of the interviewer, the interviewee as well as the interview process. The three are involved in explaining issues like education, age, gender, ethnicity, and language. Others describe issues like data transcription and recording. After the issues, the paper checks the different ways each one of them can be solved by sociolinguists. This is in an effort to overcome its challenge hence reducing or mitigating observer’s paradox. Reference List Aarts, B and McMahon, MSA 2006, The handbook of English linguistics:  Volume 36 of Blackwell handbooks in linguistics, John Wiley Sons, Oxford. Chambers, JK 2003, Sociolinguistic theory: linguistic variation and its social significance  Language in society, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. Crowley, T 2007, Field Linguistics: A Beginner’s Guide, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kastovsky, D and Arthur M 2000, The history of English in a social context: a contribution to historical sociolinguistics, Vo lume 129 of Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs, Walter de Gruyter, New York. Meyer, GP 2005, Synchronic English linguistics, Gunter Narr Verlag, Tubingen. Meyerhoff, M 2006, Introducing sociolinguistics, Taylor Francis, New York. Murphy, B 2010, Corpus and sociolinguistics: investigating age and gender in female talk, Volume 38 of Studies in corpus linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Florence. Penke, M and Rosenbach, S 2007, What counts as evidence in linguistics: the case of innateness, Volume 7 of Benjamins current topics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Florence. Stockwell, P and Trask, L 2007, Language and linguistics: the key concepts, Taylor Francis, New York. Thieberger, N 2012, Linguistic Fieldwork, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wei, L 1994, Three generations, two languages, one family: language choice and language shift in a Chinese community in Britain Volume 104 of Multilingual matters, Multilingual Matters, FranfurtLodge. This critical writing on Observer’s Paradox was written and submitted by user Dayton Ortiz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Comparison Of Landscapes

For the assignment I selected two landscape drawings. One is of the outskirts of the city of Padua and the other is a drawing from Donato Creti. There are many different ways to draw landscapes, as each of the two drawings show. In the drawing of the city Padua, the artist, gives us the perception that the drawing is taken place out side the city. The artist uses the city as a horizon line across the center of the drawing. In the drawing the artist uses a lot of diagonal lines to create a downward feeling, almost like your standing at a top of a hill and looking down on the city. To create make something dark or create a shadow of something the artist has a tendency to use thicker lines that are closer together to create the image. While the artist still has areas that he uses solid black, it is not a common theme throughout the drawing. Looking at the drawing you get the feel that the sun is behind the artist because darker lines in the center of the drawing, almost in the spot of where a shadow would be created by the building. There is not an even balance between the black and whites. It is too much contrast. I think it was done this way for the sole purpose of creating and defining the shadows of the dra wing. Possibly giving us a clue as to the time of day that the artist drew this picture. What intrigues me most about this drawing, and I will go over this again with the next drawing, is why this spot? Why not higher on the hill, if it is indeed a hill. Why not 200 feet to the right, or left, or why not in a completely different location? My next drawing is, Donato Creti’s, youth and nymph. Unlike the last drawing where the artist used diagonal lines to create a downward feeling, this time Creti stays away from straight lines as much as possible and uses location to create and upward feeling. In the drawing there is what appears to be two mountains towards the top of the drawing. There is one that is closer, yet smaller then the... Free Essays on Comparison Of Landscapes Free Essays on Comparison Of Landscapes For the assignment I selected two landscape drawings. One is of the outskirts of the city of Padua and the other is a drawing from Donato Creti. There are many different ways to draw landscapes, as each of the two drawings show. In the drawing of the city Padua, the artist, gives us the perception that the drawing is taken place out side the city. The artist uses the city as a horizon line across the center of the drawing. In the drawing the artist uses a lot of diagonal lines to create a downward feeling, almost like your standing at a top of a hill and looking down on the city. To create make something dark or create a shadow of something the artist has a tendency to use thicker lines that are closer together to create the image. While the artist still has areas that he uses solid black, it is not a common theme throughout the drawing. Looking at the drawing you get the feel that the sun is behind the artist because darker lines in the center of the drawing, almost in the spot of where a shadow would be created by the building. There is not an even balance between the black and whites. It is too much contrast. I think it was done this way for the sole purpose of creating and defining the shadows of the dra wing. Possibly giving us a clue as to the time of day that the artist drew this picture. What intrigues me most about this drawing, and I will go over this again with the next drawing, is why this spot? Why not higher on the hill, if it is indeed a hill. Why not 200 feet to the right, or left, or why not in a completely different location? My next drawing is, Donato Creti’s, youth and nymph. Unlike the last drawing where the artist used diagonal lines to create a downward feeling, this time Creti stays away from straight lines as much as possible and uses location to create and upward feeling. In the drawing there is what appears to be two mountains towards the top of the drawing. There is one that is closer, yet smaller then the...

SB 1070 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SB 1070 - Essay Example The Illinois’s legislative bill 123 together with the Arizona’s â€Å"Support our law enforcement and safe Neighborhood Act† is the strictest and wider anti-illegal immigration legislative act in the recent times. This bill intends to include more provisions to the federal laws of the United States of America. First, it would be a crime for individual aliens to be in the state of Illinois without the registration documents. It would also restrict the other state, local agencies and officials from the restricting enforcement of the federal immigration laws in the state of Illinois (Ferris, 289). It also provides for the crackdown for the individuals who are harboring, transporting or hiring aliens in the state illegally. This has been described as the strictest immigration law united states. The intent of these additional provisions was to reduce the number of illegal aliens who are estimated to approximately 460, 000 in Arizona only and even more in the state of Illinois and others states in the U.S. ... The act provides for the state law enforcements agencies to question, arrest or detain individuals who are reasonably suspected to be in the country illegally. In this context the act gives the state law enforcement agencies to enforce the law and ensure that the immigrants abide by the state laws. According to Warner (68), this is unconstitutional because the responsibility of enforcing the immigration laws is a federal responsibility and not a state responsibility. If there is reasonable suspicion that they might be in the country illegally, it is the responsibility of the federal governments to enforce the laws. The Illinois’s bill 123 can be described as a bill that affects foreign matters and hence its effect when passed into law would affect the foreign policy of not only the Illinois but also the United States o America. The unconstitutional nature of this act is that the state does not have powers to pass laws that affect the foreign policy and relations. According to Warner (69), just like the states have no authority of passing their own foreign policies or enter into treaties with the other nations of the world, they do not have immigration policies and laws. The argument here is that the immigration laws is an attribute of the foreign affairs and hence the state law enforcing agencies and officials do not have any little power to pass such laws. The signing of the law into affect would therefore mean that the state of Illinois has a different foreign policy compared to the United States of America foreign policies in general and hence it is therefore unconstitutional. The role of a state in enforcing federal immigration laws is provided for in the federal laws of the united state of America. However